Many historical thinkers have ascended to the rank of adjectives, being knighted with *-ism* and *-ian*s. This is a great but harsh honor. Gone are the multi-dimensional and nuanced thoughts, but single-dimensional extremes. - **Machiavelli** was more than Machiavellian. His *Discourses on Livy* argued the merits of republicanism. - [[George Orwell|Orwell]] was more than Orwellian. He fought all his life against Imperialism (*Burmese days*), Fascism (*Homage to Catalonia*), and Totalitarianism (*Animal Farm*, *1984*) - though the last is what we remember the most from Orwell. - **Mesmerism** have outlived the original inventor and the underlying concept (animal magnetism). See: [[The History of Bad Ideas#Ep 8. Mesmerism, or Animal Magnetism]]